The southern regions are mountainous while moving north the terrain descends from the high Alps, Pyrenees, and Carpathians, through hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the east. Manmade features such as roads, dams, and cities may also be included. By the end of the war, the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires collapsed and broke into a dozen separate nations. Important highlands in this region include the Massif Central and the Vosges in France, the Ardennes of Belgium, the Black Forest and the Taunus in Germany, and the Ore and Sudeten in the Czech Republic. The Kimmel Falls are the tallest in Europe and also 5th in the list of the worlds highest waterfalls. The major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are the Celtic Sea, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea complex, and the Barents Sea. Ancient Greeks also believed reigning gods imprisoned lesser gods underneath the volcanoes. The Mediterranean Sea to the south separates Europe from Africa. By size, Germany is the seventh-largest European country. As a continent with hugely diverse topography, the geographical facts about Europe are going to be an interesting collection. Desert climates are found in the European portion of Kazakhstan and South Eastern Spain. Read important geography facts about Ireland and information about Ireland's landscapes, topography, and coastline. Three smaller peninsulasIberia, Italy, and the Balkansemerge from the southern margin of the mainland. The European bison (Bison bonasus), the heaviest land animal on the continent, is one of the most threatened species.Beginning in the 20th century, many governments and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have worked to restore some of Europe's rich biodiversity. A contrast exists between the configuration of peninsular, or western, Europe and that of eastern Europe, which is a much larger and more continental area. Turkey and Cyprus in particular, while geologically Asian, possess elements of European culture and may be regarded as parts of Europe. Yet the peninsular and insular western extremity of the continent, thrusting toward the North Atlantic Ocean, providesthanks to its latitude and its physical geographya relatively genial human habitat, and the long processes of human history came to mark off the region as the home of a distinctive civilization. It is the continent's second largest island (after Great Britain). Not only is it pretty huge (2.5 times the size of Mount Vesuvius, which so famously buried Pompeii), but it is also one of the most active volcanoes in the world. Traders and travelers also reported that the Europe beyond Greece possessed distinctive physical units, with mountain systems and lowland river basins much larger than those familiar to inhabitants of the Mediterranean region. Ireland: geography and landscape. The U.K. also includes Northern Ireland, which is on another island. Because of their remoteness, however, all these regions have distinct dialects that differ slightly from their parent language. Still another scheme with many adherents locates the continental boundary along the Aras River and the Turkish border, thereby putting Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia in Europe. Nonetheless, in manufacturing and agriculture Europe still occupies an eminent, if no longer necessarily predominant, position. It was clear as well that a succession of climates, markedly different from those of the Mediterranean borderlands, were to be experienced as Europe was penetrated from the south. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. France is known for being a world power and has been an economic and cultural center of Europe for hundreds of years. 2. Antwerp is the biggest city of the country. The greater part of Europe, however, combines low elevation with low relief. Whats the Difference Between Great Britain and the United Kingdom. The continents eastern boundary (north to south) runs along the Ural Mountains and then roughly southwest along the Emba (Zhem) River, terminating at the northern Caspian coast. Elevations in those areas are mainly between about 500 and 2,000 feet (150 and 600 metres), and many steep slopes are to be seen. The cold water surrounding northern Britain and Scandinavia is home to unique species of cold-water corals. Europe also supports high densities of population, concentrated in urban-industrial regions. The 15 rivers of Europe by average discharge, including only rivers directly flowing into the World Ocean or Endorheic basins: Aegean Islands, land, Balearic Islands, Corsica, Crete, Cyprus (Adjacent to Asia), Fyn, Faroe Islands, Gotland, Great Britain, Hinnya, Iceland, Ionian Islands, Ireland, Malta, North Jutlandic Island, Saaremaa, Sardinia, Senja, Sicily, Svalbard and Zealand. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. To contact our editors please use our contact form. Early Europeans, in fact, shaped global ideas of citizenship and government. Europe is a peninsula of the Eurasian supercontinent and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian seas to the south.Europes main peninsulas are the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan, located in southern Europe, and the Scandinavian and Jutland, located in northern Europe. Fast Facts: France Official Name: French Republic Capital: Paris Population: 67,364,357 (2018) Note: This figure is for metropolitan France and five overseas regions; the metropolitan France population is 62,814,233 Those highland areas include lands of abundant rainfallwhich supplies hydroelectricity and water to industrial citiesand provide summer pastures for cattle. Switzerland, federated country of central Europe. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. Luxembourg is landlocked, separated from the North Sea by Belgium.. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Above all, in southern EuropeAustria and Switzerland includedlevel, low-lying land is scarce, and mountain, plateau, and hill landforms dominate. Each country could easily make a contribution with an interesting fact as the landscape changes so dramatically across small spaces, unlike other continents. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The Apennines, Dinaric Alps, and Balkan Mountains, as well as the arc-shaped Carpathian Mountains and their southern portion, the Transylvanian Alps, also exhibit high elevations. Updates? It is 1733 meters (5,686 feet) deep and is located near the Swiss and Italian borders, in the area of the Savoy Alps close to the village of Samoens. Moose, bear, and elk (Cervus canadensis) are native to the European taiga.Just south of the taiga is a mixture of coniferous and deciduous trees, including beech, ash, poplar, and willow. National Geographic News: New Fault Found in EuropeMay 'Close Up' Adriatic Sea, National Geographic News: Volcanic Ash Stops Europe FlightsWhy Ash Is Dangerous, European Environment Agency: European Land Cover, National Geographic Education: Mapping EuropeLand Mammal Range. Can you think of anything notable you think I should have included? Western Europe and parts of Central Europe generally fall into the temperate maritime climate (Cfb), the southern part is mostly a Mediterranean climate (mostly Csa, smaller area with Csb), the north-central part and east into central Russia is mostly a humid continental climate (Dfb) and the northern part of the continent is a subarctic climate (Dfc). Of the top 10 largest lakes in Europe, 6 are in Russia, although 1 partly sits in Estonia. Today much of topography is focused on creating 3D representations of the Earth's surface. The southeast boundary with Asia is not universally defined, but the modern definition is generally the Ural River or, less commonly, the Emba River. The continent, excluding Russia, contains less than one-tenth of the total population of the world, but in general its people are well educated and highly skilled. The ancient, often mineral-laden rocks of the northwestern highlands, their contours softened by prolonged erosion and glaciation, are found throughout much of Iceland, in Ireland, and in northern and western Britain and Scandinavia. Europe is home to two countries that are completely landlocked by Italy. Physical features, weather-related phenomena, and local resources had a deep impact on how historic European cultures prospered, interacted, and believed their world worked.The geography and climate of the Mediterranean region, for example, directly influenced Greek mythology. As to the territorial limits of Europe, they may seem relatively clear on its seaward flanks, but many island groups far to the north and westSvalbard, the Faroes, Iceland, and the Madeira and Canary islandsare considered European, while Greenland (though tied politically to Denmark) is conventionally allocated to North America. Some of these concepts include the idea of an elected Senate and the stationing of military troops outside a countrys home region.World War I and World War II dramatically affected the political geography of Europe. The Sami followed and cared for these herds during their grazing cycle. Europe's highest peak, Mount Elbrus at 5,642 meters (18,510 feet), is in the Caucasus Mountains of Russia. Around 400 CE, the Alemanni, a Germanic tribe, invaded present-day northern Switzerland. Kosovo is a. In partitioning the globe into meaningful large geographic units, therefore, most modern geographers treated the former Soviet Union as a distinct territorial entity, comparable to a continent, that was somewhat separate from Europe to the west and from Asia to the south and east; that distinction has been maintained for Russia, which constituted three-fourths of the Soviet Union. For the political geography of Europe, see, Countries consisting solely of islands or parts of islands, Countries bordering or spanning another continent, Countries whose capital is not the most populous, List of countries by the number of other countries they border, Last edited on 19 February 2023, at 19:57, List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe, List of European tornadoes and tornado outbreaks, List of the highest European ultra-prominent peaks, Special member state territories and the European Union, Language facts European day of languages, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&oldid=1140367331, Lower Danubian Plain, between Balkan Mountains and, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 19:57. The North European Plain extends across the country's northern reaches; this flat, lowland terrain is dissected by . Huge herds of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) feed on these tiny plants.The taiga, which stretches across northern Europe just south of the tundra, is composed of coniferous forests, with trees such as pine, spruce, and fir. In spite of its internal diversity, Europe has thus functioned, from the time it first emerged in the human consciousness, as a world apart, concentratingto borrow a phrase from Christopher Marloweinfinite riches in a little room.. Whats the Difference Between Great Britain and the United Kingdom? At its largest, Rome controlled approximately 6.5 million square kilometers (2.5 million square miles) of land.The Roman approach to conquering and controlling territory is often considered to be the basis of Western imperialism. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. In the extreme northern part (northernmost Russia; Svalbard), bordering the Arctic Ocean, is tundra climate (Et). In this case, the region of Western Europe includes the regions of northern Europe, southern Europe, Central Europe, and the British Isles. The highest peaks in those ranges are Mount Corno (9,554 feet [2,912 metres]) in the Abruzzi Apennines, Bobotov Kuk (8,274 feet [2,522 metres]) in the Dinaric Alps, Mount Botev (7,795 feet [2,376 metres]) in the Balkan Mountains, Gerlachovsk Peak (Gerlach; 8,711 feet [2,655 metres]) in the Western Carpathians, and Mount Moldoveanu (8,346 feet [2,544 metres]) in the Transylvanian Alps. Eastward, mainland Europe widens much like the mouth of a funnel, until the boundary with Asia is reached at the Ural Mountains and Ural River, the Caspian Sea, and the Caucasus Mountains. A growing percentage of people in urban areas are employed in a wide range of service activities, which have come to dominate the economies of most countries. Holland is a nation of cyclists. Among the struggling economies that may suffer from carbon emission limits are Romania, Bulgaria, and Moldova.Thus, it seems that Europes historic disparities between north and south, west and east, will continue to widen in the future. The debate surrounding the cartoons also intensified strained relations between the Islamic world and the West.In 2010, the French government dismantled illegal immigrant camps throughout France. It has coastlines on the Bay of Biscay (a part of the Atlantic Ocean) and the Mediterranean Sea.Spain's capital and largest city is Madrid, and the country is known for its long history, unique culture, strong economy, and very high living standards. The program has provided a lasting economic boost to cities and regions, raised their international profiles, and enhanced their images in the eyes of their own inhabitants.Each year, two or three cities are chosen to produce a year-long program of cultural events. The Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles conclude the Asian boundary. Certain countries and regions have even developed an identity or branding focused on specific products and exports.Scandinavian design, for instance, is primarily focused on fashion and home wares. 4. The western boundary is the Atlantic Ocean. Political geography is the internal and external relationships between governments, citizens, and territories. As observed on Germany's physical map, the country's topography varies significantly from north to south. Physiographically, it is the northwestern peninsula of the larger landmass known as Eurasia (or the larger Afro-Eurasia ); Asia occupies the centre and east of this continuous landmass. Borders between existing nations, such as Poland and Russia, were entirely redrawn.World War II (1939-1945) left about 43 million Europeans dead, including about 6 million who died in the Holocaust. A peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides. 16 S Sunwood Ln , Sandy, UT 84092 is a single-family home listed for-sale at $1,295,000. Let's take a short tour around some of the most notable geographical facts about Europe. Greece is well known for the thousands of islands dotting the three seas that surround the country. These features typically include natural formations such as mountains, rivers, lakes, and valleys. Updated: 07/28/2022 Table of Contents The Anatolian peninsula is the westernmost point of Asia, divided from Europe by the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits. Rocks of all geologic periods are exposed, and the operation of geologic forces during an immense succession of eras has contributed to the molding of the landscapes of mountain, plateau, and lowland and has bequeathed a variety of mineral reserves. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Editor of, Professor of Geography, Birkbeck College, University of London, 194770. This description is simplified. For discussion of individual countries of the continent, see specific articles by namee.g., Italy, Poland, and United Kingdom. This region is sparsely populated except in the Rhine, Rhne, Elbe, and Danube river valleys.Alpine MountainsThe Alpine Mountains include ranges in the Italian and Balkan peninsulas, northern Spain, and southern France. Por favor, active JavaScript. The boundary continues to the Caspian Sea, the crest of the Caucasus Mountains (or, less commonly, the river Kura in the Caucasus), and on to the Black Sea. Fun Facts about Europe Europe is home to the smallest country in the world, the Holy See or the Vatican. City-states were unique in that they were governed not by a hereditary ruler, but by a political body that represented its citizens. Population growth in Europe is rather minimal with minimal age comparatively high. Furthermore, the Mediterranean coastlands of North Africa and southwestern Asia also exhibit some European physical and cultural affinities. Author of, Emeritus Professor of Geography, Portland State University, Oregon. Glaciation too has left its mark over wide areas, and the processes of erosion and deposition have created a highly variegated and compartmentalized countryside. With such a large number of nationalities compacted into such a small area, Europe strongly supports individual cultural identities and products.The European Capitals of Culture program, started in 1985, has become one of Europes most important and high-profile cultural events. Europe is sometimes called a "peninsula of peninsulas", to draw attention to the fact that Europe is a relatively small, elongated appendage to Asia, and that a large part of Europe is made up of peninsulas. Europe has a long history of human development and is considered the birthplace of Western Civilization. Looking for interesting facts about Austria? You cannot download interactives. All the major bodies of water in Europe have been fished for centuries. Europe is the second-smallest continent. These camps were mostly populated by Roma, also called Gypsies. Many of the most socially and economically powerful elements of these societies will be led by immigrants.Developing countries, such as those in eastern and southern Europe, are expected to bear the worst of the depopulation trend. 0. Estos incluyen el aumento del nivel del mar; la reduccin de los glaciares de montaa; aceleracin del derretimiento del hielo en Groenlandia, la Antrtida y el rtico; y cambios en los . Some reindeer herds have a home range of up to 5,000 square kilometers (1,930 square miles). She or he will best know the preferred format. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Only Oceania has less landmass. The overall population of Europe is set to drop from roughly 590 million to 542 million by 2050. Note: Italy's capital, Rome, is the country's largest city if only the municipality (comune) is considered. Many Muslim organizations, however, saw the cartoons as bigoted, racist, and insulting. Topography often records the various elevations of an area using a topographical map. Sometimes considered a transcontinental country, it is located at the intersection of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, [2] and is today generally regarded as part of Europe. 2. From the smallest town in the world to the biggest church on earth, and from a knighted penguin to a country free of mosquitoes, there are hundreds of random and fun facts about Europe. Historically, Europe has been a center of immigration. European countries saw an increase in immigration after World War II. Most extensive between the Baltic and White seas in the north and the Black, Azov, and Caspian seas in the south, the lowland area narrows westward, lying to the south of the northwestern highlands; it is divided also by the English Channel and the mountains and plateaus of central Europe. The creation of the European Economic Community in 1957 and the EU in 1993 greatly enhanced economic cooperation between many of the continents countries. World War II also left more than 40 million refugees, contributed to the independence of European colonies throughout the world, and devastated the urban infrastructure of many European cities.As a result of the devastation of World War II, Western Europes leadership in global politics diminished. More than 200 languages are spoken in Europe. The Volga River in Russia is Europe's longest river. ft. home is a 4 bed, 4.0 bath property. Southward of the limits of the northern glacial ice are vales and hills, with the Paris and London basins typical examples. Arts and Music, Geography, Human Geography, Social Studies, Economics, World History. These events had a devastating effect on Denmarks reputation as a progressive and welcoming country. 7 Fun and Fashionable DIY Animal Ears That You Should Make Look like a Fashionista by Color Coordinate Your Outfits like a Pro Introverts Vs Extroverts Which One Are You. Greater Milan is the largest Metropolitan Area in Italy. Omissions? The well-watered plateaus give rise to many rivers and are well adapted to pastoral farming. Lands lying at high elevations can, of course, be lands of low relief, but on the European continent relief tends to become more rugged as elevation increases. Topography and bathymetry are shown in a combination of color with shaded relief. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. 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